New research shows that small U.S. cities could see an exodus of workers, as well as exacerbated income inequality because robots likely will hollow out the middle class there. The studies also show that large cities are not entirely immune.

By combining information from that research with data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics on the composition of each city’s workforce, the researchers were able to predict how many workers would be displaced in 380 metropolitan areas across the United States. 

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